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Put pure carbon under enough heat and pressure - say, 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit and 50,000 atmospheres - and it will crystallize into the hardest substance known. Those were the circumstances that first forged diamonds deep in Earth's mantle 3.3 billion years ago. Duplicating that environment in a lab isn't easy, but that hasn't kept visionaries from trying to create diamonds artificial. Since the mid-19th century, dozens of these modern scientists have been injured in accidents and explosions while attempting to produce diamonds artificial.
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General Electric managed to do this in 1954 by using a 400-ton press to crush carbon at an enormous pressure. GE's machine economically produced diamond artificial dust for industrial uses, and by the early 1970s the company had even produced diamonds artificial as large as 2 carats. But that effort took so much time and electrical energy, that it was more expensive to buy a mined diamond. There are several current American operations attempting to make diamonds artificial. Carter Clarke, retired army general, stumbled into a diamond artificial producing process during a trip to Moscow in 1995. Clark bought the process and moved it to Sarasota Florida, where he has produced some large sized yellow diamonds artificial, which he is just beginning to market under the name of Gemesis.
Another process for creating diamonds artificial is by chemical vapor deposition and has been used for more than a 10 years to cover relatively large surfaces with microscopic diamond crystals. The technique transforms carbon into plasma, which then precipitates onto a surface below as diamonds artificial. The problem with the technology has always been that no one could figure out how to grow a single crystal using that method. Apollo Diamond, a secretive company in Boston, is rumored to be sitting on a single-crystal breakthrough.
There's a rumor of a new, experimental method for growing gem-quality diamonds artificial. If true, it represents a new challenge to the industry, since those diamonds artificial could conceivably be grown in large bricks that, when cut and polished, would be indistinguishable from natural diamonds.
But diamonds artificial have a lot more uses than ornamenting a finger. Not only is it the hardest substance known, diamonds artificial also has the highest thermal conductivity. Tremendous heat can pass through it without causing damage. Today's speedy microprocessors run hot - at upwards of 200 degrees Fahrenheit. In fact, they can't go much faster without failing. Artificial diamond microchips could handle much higher temperatures, allowing them to run at speeds that would liquefy ordinary silicon. With the arrival of Gemesis, the Florida-based company, and Apollo Diamond company, diamonds artificial could be used for semiconductors. Both startups plan to use the diamond artificial jewelry business to finance their attempt to reshape the semiconducting world.
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