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Put pure carbon under enough heat and pressure - say, 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit and 50,000 atmospheres - and it will crystallize into the hardest substance known. Duplicating that environment in a lab isn't easy, but that hasn't kept visionaries from trying to make lab created diamonds. Since the mid-19th century, dozens of these modern scientists have been injured in accidents and explosions while attempting to produce lab created diamonds.
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General Electric managed to do this in 1954 by using a 400-ton press to crush carbon at an enormous pressure. GE's machine economically produced diamond dust for industrial uses, and by the early 1970s the company had even produced lab created diamonds as large as 2 carats. But that effort took so much time and electrical energy, that it was more expensive to buy a mined diamond. There are several current American operations attempting to make lab created diamonds. Carter Clarke, retired army general, stumbled into a process which produces lab created diamonds during a trip to Moscow in 1995. Clark bought the process and moved it to Sarasota Florida, where he has made several large sized yellow lab created diamonds.
Another method for making lab created diamonds is by chemical vapor deposition and has been used for more than a 10 years to cover relatively large surfaces with microscopic diamond crystals. The technique transforms carbon into plasma, which then precipitates onto a surface below as lab created diamonds. The problem with the technology has always been that no one could figure out how to grow a single crystal using that method. Apollo Diamond, a company in Boston, is rumored to be innovating on a single-crystal breakthrough to produce lab created diamonds. There's a rumor of a new, experimental method for growing a gem-quality lab created diamonds. If true, it represents a new challenge to the industry, since that lab created diamonds could conceivably be grown in large bricks.
Not only is the diamond the hardest substance known, it also has the highest thermal conductivity. Today's speedy microprocessors run hot - at upwards of 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Microchips made from lab created diamonds could handle much higher temperatures, allowing them to run at speeds that would liquefy ordinary silicon. Companies manufacturing lab created diamonds have their eye on the huge semiconductor business. The companies plan to use the lab created diamond jewelry business to finance their attempt to reshape the semiconducting world.
The problem for the diamond jewelry business is, how can you tell a natural diamond from lab created diamonds? Scientists have found a couple of testing methods and machines to separate lab created diamonds from natural diamonds, but so far they are very large, cumbersome processes.
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